Global Calcium Fluoride Market Size, Production, Sales, Average Product Price, Market Share, Import vs Export – United States, Europe, APAC, Latin America, Middle East & Africa

Global Calcium Fluoride Market Revenue Size and Production Analysis, till 2032

Global Calcium Fluoride Market Size is expected to grow at an impressive rate during the timeframe (2024-2032). Calcium Fluoride demand is growing due to:

1. Increased Use in Steel and Metallurgy:
   Calcium fluoride is an essential component in the steelmaking process, where it is used as a flux to reduce the melting point of raw materials, improve slag fluidity, and remove impurities. The global growth in steel production, driven by infrastructure development, construction, and automotive manufacturing, has significantly increased demand for calcium fluoride.
2. Growing Demand for Optical Applications:
   Calcium fluoride’s unique optical properties, such as high transparency and low dispersion in ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) ranges, make it a vital material for lenses, prisms, and windows in advanced optical systems. Industries like semiconductor manufacturing, aerospace, and medical imaging rely heavily on these optical components, driving demand.
3. Expansion of the Aluminum Industry:
   Calcium fluoride is used in aluminum smelting as a flux to improve energy efficiency and metal quality. The rising demand for lightweight materials in automotive, construction, and packaging sectors has boosted the need for aluminum, thereby increasing the demand for calcium fluoride.
4. Growth in the Chemical Industry:
   Calcium fluoride is a key raw material in the production of hydrofluoric acid (HF), which is used in various chemical processes, including the production of fluorocarbons, fluoropolymers, and other fluoride-based chemicals. The growing applications of fluoropolymers in electronics, automotive, and renewable energy sectors have fueled calcium fluoride consumption.
5. Rising Use in Renewable Energy Technologies:
   Fluoride-based materials derived from calcium fluoride are increasingly used in renewable energy applications, such as solar panels and energy storage systems. The global shift toward clean energy and the rapid growth of the renewable energy sector are creating new opportunities for calcium fluoride.
6. Increased Focus on Dental Health:
   Calcium fluoride is an important source of fluoride in the production of dental care products like toothpaste and mouthwash. With rising awareness of oral health and the increasing prevalence of dental issues, the demand for fluoride-based products has grown, indirectly driving the need for calcium fluoride.
7. Emerging Applications in Electronics and Photonics:
   Calcium fluoride is increasingly used in advanced photonic devices, laser systems, and other high-precision optical applications. Its role in semiconductor manufacturing, particularly in lithography and etching processes, has grown with the expansion of the global electronics industry.
8. Advancements in the Glass and Ceramic Industries:
   Calcium fluoride is used as a flux in the production of specialty glass and ceramics, including glass for high-performance optical systems and ceramic components for industrial applications. The growing demand for high-quality glass and ceramics in sectors like telecommunications, healthcare, and consumer electronics is boosting calcium fluoride consumption.
9. Global Industrial Growth and Urbanization:
   The overall expansion of industrial activities, particularly in emerging economies, has increased the demand for calcium fluoride across multiple sectors, including construction, transportation, and manufacturing.

United States Calcium Fluoride Market Recent Developments and Business Opportunities

The United States calcium fluoride market has witnessed steady growth in recent years, driven by its critical role in various industries, including metallurgy, optics, chemicals, and energy. A key development in the market is the rising demand for calcium fluoride in the steel and aluminum industries, where it is used as a flux to improve efficiency and remove impurities during production. With the U.S. focusing on revitalizing its manufacturing and infrastructure sectors, the demand for steel and aluminum has grown significantly, thereby boosting the need for calcium fluoride. Infrastructure development projects under government initiatives, such as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, have further supported this trend, creating opportunities for calcium fluoride suppliers.

In the chemical industry, calcium fluoride is a vital raw material for producing hydrofluoric acid (HF), which is used in the manufacturing of fluorocarbons, fluoropolymers, and other fluoride-based chemicals. The U.S. has seen growing applications of these materials in advanced technologies such as electronics, semiconductors, and renewable energy systems. For instance, fluoropolymers are extensively used in the production of batteries, solar panels, and electric vehicle components, aligning with the country’s push toward clean energy and sustainability. This has created a robust demand for calcium fluoride as an upstream input, encouraging investments in mining and processing facilities.

The optics and photonics sectors in the U.S. are also significant drivers of calcium fluoride demand. Its unique optical properties, such as high transparency in ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) ranges, make it an essential material for lenses, prisms, and windows used in high-precision optical systems. Industries such as aerospace, defense, medical imaging, and semiconductor manufacturing rely heavily on these components. The growing demand for advanced optical systems and laser technologies has led to increased consumption of high-purity calcium fluoride in the U.S. market. Additionally, advancements in lithography for semiconductor manufacturing, crucial for producing next-generation microchips, have further strengthened this demand.

The healthcare sector in the U.S. also contributes to the calcium fluoride market, as it is a key source of fluoride for dental care products like toothpaste and mouthwash. With increasing awareness about dental health and rising demand for preventive care products, fluoride-based applications are growing steadily. Moreover, the growing population and healthcare advancements ensure a consistent market for calcium fluoride-derived products.

Emerging opportunities in the U.S. calcium fluoride market are linked to renewable energy and sustainability. Calcium fluoride-based materials are being explored for applications in energy storage systems and solar panels, which are critical for the country’s clean energy goals. Additionally, innovations in the production of specialty glass and ceramics, used in telecommunications, healthcare, and consumer electronics, are opening new avenues for calcium fluoride utilization.

In conclusion, the U.S. calcium fluoride market is poised for steady growth, supported by diverse applications across key industries such as metallurgy, chemicals, optics, and energy. Business opportunities lie in meeting the rising demand for high-purity calcium fluoride, developing advanced processing techniques, and capitalizing on the growing focus on sustainability and renewable energy technologies. As industrial growth and technological advancements continue, the market is expected to see sustained development in the coming years.

Europe Calcium Fluoride Market Recent Developments and Business Opportunities by Country

The Europe calcium fluoride market has been experiencing steady growth, driven by its essential applications in steelmaking, chemical manufacturing, optics, and renewable energy. The region’s well-developed industrial base, coupled with increasing investments in advanced technologies and sustainability initiatives, has spurred demand for calcium fluoride across key industries. Germany, France, and the United Kingdom are among the leading consumers in the market, with each country leveraging calcium fluoride to support its industrial and technological advancements.

In Germany, the calcium fluoride market is closely tied to the steel and automotive industries. As Europe’s largest producer of steel, Germany uses calcium fluoride extensively as a flux to improve efficiency and quality in steel production. This demand is further fueled by the country’s robust automotive sector, which requires high-quality steel for vehicle manufacturing. Germany also leads in the production of specialty glass and optics, where calcium fluoride is critical for manufacturing lenses and optical components used in medical devices, cameras, and semiconductors. The country’s focus on industrial innovation and advanced manufacturing processes presents significant opportunities for calcium fluoride suppliers.

France, known for its strong chemical and pharmaceutical industries, is another major market for calcium fluoride. The material is a key input in the production of hydrofluoric acid, which is used to manufacture fluoropolymers, fluorocarbons, and other fluoride-based chemicals. These chemicals are integral to various applications, including refrigeration, electronics, and renewable energy systems. The growing demand for environmentally friendly refrigerants and the transition toward clean energy solutions have driven demand for calcium fluoride in France. Additionally, the country’s advancements in optics and photonics, particularly in aerospace and defense, further bolster the market.

The United Kingdom has a well-established optical and photonics industry, which heavily relies on calcium fluoride for high-precision lenses, prisms, and optical windows. These components are widely used in medical imaging, defense, and telecommunications. The UK’s expanding semiconductor manufacturing sector, driven by investments in next-generation microchip production, is also contributing to the rising demand for calcium fluoride. Furthermore, the country’s growing focus on renewable energy and energy storage technologies provides additional opportunities for calcium fluoride in advanced materials and energy applications.

In Eastern Europe, countries like Poland and the Czech Republic are emerging markets for calcium fluoride, driven by the growth of their steel and chemical industries. Poland, a major producer of steel in the region, uses calcium fluoride to enhance efficiency and reduce costs in steel production. Meanwhile, the Czech Republic’s expanding pharmaceutical and specialty chemicals sectors create a steady demand for high-purity calcium fluoride.

Italy and Spain also represent growing markets for calcium fluoride, particularly in the production of specialty glass and ceramics. These materials are increasingly used in renewable energy systems, electronics, and construction. The demand for calcium fluoride in these countries is supported by government initiatives to promote sustainable industrial practices and renewable energy adoption.

Asia Pacific Calcium Fluoride Market Recent Developments and Business Opportunities by Country

The Asia Pacific calcium fluoride market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the region’s expanding industrial base, infrastructure development, and increasing adoption of advanced technologies. Countries such as China, India, Japan, and South Korea are at the forefront of this growth, leveraging calcium fluoride’s critical role in steelmaking, chemical production, optics, and renewable energy. China, the largest consumer and producer of calcium fluoride in the region, dominates the market due to its abundant natural reserves and well-established industries. The country’s robust steel and aluminum sectors, which rely heavily on calcium fluoride as a flux to improve process efficiency and remove impurities, continue to drive demand. Additionally, China’s burgeoning electronics and semiconductor industries require high-purity calcium fluoride for optical lenses, laser systems, and advanced manufacturing technologies, further bolstering its market position.

India is another key player in the Asia Pacific calcium fluoride market, with growing demand driven by its expanding steel, chemical, and renewable energy sectors. The country’s infrastructure development initiatives and focus on increasing domestic steel production have created a steady demand for calcium fluoride. Moreover, India’s chemical industry, particularly in the production of hydrofluoric acid and fluoropolymers, relies on calcium fluoride as a critical raw material. As the country ramps up its renewable energy efforts, particularly in solar and battery technologies, the demand for calcium fluoride in advanced materials is expected to grow significantly.

Japan and South Korea are leaders in high-precision applications of calcium fluoride, particularly in optics, photonics, and semiconductors. Japan’s advanced optical and electronics industries rely on calcium fluoride for manufacturing lenses, prisms, and optical windows used in medical imaging, telecommunications, and semiconductor lithography. The country’s focus on innovation and high-quality manufacturing has spurred demand for ultra-high-purity calcium fluoride. Similarly, South Korea’s thriving semiconductor and electronics industries are significant consumers of calcium fluoride, driven by the demand for microchips, laser technologies, and advanced display systems. Both countries are also exploring new applications of calcium fluoride in renewable energy and energy storage systems, aligning with global trends toward sustainability.

In Southeast Asia, countries like Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam are emerging markets for calcium fluoride. The region’s growing steel and chemical industries, supported by government infrastructure projects and increasing industrialization, are driving demand. Indonesia, with its focus on becoming a regional hub for steel production, has created opportunities for calcium fluoride suppliers. Meanwhile, Thailand and Vietnam are leveraging their expanding manufacturing and electronics sectors, which require high-purity materials, including calcium fluoride, for optical and chemical applications.

Australia is also a noteworthy market for calcium fluoride in the Asia Pacific region, particularly in mining and specialty applications. The country’s focus on sustainable industrial practices and advanced materials for renewable energy systems has created new business opportunities for calcium fluoride in advanced glass, ceramics, and energy storage technologies.

In conclusion, the Asia Pacific calcium fluoride market offers immense growth potential across diverse applications and industries. With key drivers including infrastructure development, industrial growth, technological advancements, and the push toward sustainability, the market is poised for continued expansion. Manufacturers and suppliers can capitalize on these opportunities by addressing the demand for high-purity and innovative calcium fluoride solutions tailored to the region’s needs.

Middle East Calcium Fluoride Market Recent Developments and Business Opportunities by Country

The Middle East calcium fluoride market is steadily growing, driven by the region’s expanding industrial base, reliance on heavy industries, and increasing adoption of advanced technologies in chemicals, metallurgy, and energy sectors. Key markets in the region, including Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Egypt, are leveraging calcium fluoride’s applications in steelmaking, aluminum production, fluorochemicals, and optics to support their industrial and economic growth. Saudi Arabia, the largest economy in the Middle East, plays a pivotal role in the market, driven by its robust steel and aluminum industries. Calcium fluoride is essential in these sectors as a flux material to enhance process efficiency and product quality. With the country heavily investing in infrastructure development under its Vision 2030 initiative, the demand for steel and aluminum, and consequently calcium fluoride, has grown significantly.

The UAE, with its diversified economy and focus on technological advancements, is another important market for calcium fluoride. The country’s burgeoning construction and industrial sectors have increased demand for steel, while its aluminum industry, one of the largest in the world, relies on calcium fluoride for smelting and refining processes. Additionally, the UAE’s growing focus on renewable energy and sustainability has opened opportunities for calcium fluoride in advanced applications, such as in solar panels, energy storage systems, and high-performance ceramics. The country’s strategic location and well-developed logistics infrastructure also make it a hub for calcium fluoride trade in the region.

Egypt is emerging as a significant player in the Middle East calcium fluoride market due to its large-scale industrial and agricultural activities. The country’s steel and fertilizer industries rely heavily on calcium fluoride for production processes, with increasing demand supported by government-led infrastructure and development projects. Egypt’s flourishing chemical sector, which produces hydrofluoric acid and other fluorinated compounds, also depends on calcium fluoride as a key raw material. Furthermore, the country’s focus on exporting processed materials to Africa and Europe provides additional opportunities for calcium fluoride producers.

Other Gulf countries, such as Qatar, Oman, and Kuwait, also contribute to the growing demand for calcium fluoride in the region. Qatar, with its focus on infrastructure development and energy projects, uses calcium fluoride in steelmaking and chemical production. Oman, with its strategic phosphate reserves and growing industrial base, utilizes calcium fluoride in fertilizer production and emerging industries like ceramics and advanced materials. Kuwait, on the other hand, is driving demand through its chemical and oil-based industries, where calcium fluoride is used in refining and petrochemical processes.

The Middle East’s expanding optics and photonics sector, particularly in the UAE and Saudi Arabia, is another promising area for calcium fluoride demand. The material’s unique optical properties make it vital for producing lenses, prisms, and other high-precision components used in defense, medical imaging, and telecommunications. With the region increasingly adopting cutting-edge technologies, the demand for high-purity calcium fluoride is expected to grow.

In conclusion, the Middle East calcium fluoride market is poised for steady growth, supported by investments in industrial diversification, infrastructure, and advanced technologies. Business opportunities lie in catering to the rising demand for high-quality calcium fluoride for applications in metallurgy, chemicals, renewable energy, and optics. As regional economies continue to modernize and adopt sustainable practices, the market is expected to witness significant expansion in the coming years.

Global Calcium Fluoride Analysis by Market Segmentation

1. By Type
   • Acid-Grade Calcium Fluoride:
     This is the highest purity grade of calcium fluoride (≥97% CaF₂), primarily used in the production of hydrofluoric acid (HF). Hydrofluoric acid is a critical precursor for fluorocarbons, fluoropolymers, and other fluoride-based chemicals, which have applications in refrigeration, electronics, and industrial processes. The growing demand for fluorochemicals in various sectors makes this the largest segment of the calcium fluoride market.
   • Metallurgical-Grade Calcium Fluoride:
     Containing lower purity (80–97% CaF₂), this grade is used as a flux in steelmaking, aluminum production, and other metallurgical processes. It helps reduce the melting point of raw materials and removes impurities, improving energy efficiency and product quality. The growth in infrastructure, automotive, and manufacturing industries drives demand for this segment.
   • Optical-Grade Calcium Fluoride:
     Ultra-high-purity calcium fluoride is used in optical applications such as lenses, prisms, and windows. Its transparency in ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) spectrums makes it essential for high-precision optics in medical imaging, aerospace, defense, and semiconductor lithography. The expanding electronics and photonics industries drive growth in this niche but high-value segment.
2. By Application
   • Hydrofluoric Acid Production:
     Calcium fluoride is the primary raw material for producing hydrofluoric acid, which is used in the manufacture of fluorinated chemicals, including refrigerants, fluoropolymers, and fluorocarbons. The growing demand for environmentally friendly refrigerants and fluoropolymers in electronics, automotive, and renewable energy sectors significantly boosts this application.
   • Steel and Metallurgy:
     Calcium fluoride is extensively used as a flux in steelmaking, aluminum smelting, and other metallurgical processes. It enhances energy efficiency and removes impurities from molten metals, improving the quality of steel and alloys. With increasing steel production for infrastructure and industrial applications, this segment remains a key driver of calcium fluoride demand.
   • Optics and Photonics:
     In optical applications, calcium fluoride is used to manufacture components such as lenses, prisms, and windows for laser systems, medical imaging, and telecommunications. Its exceptional optical properties and high thermal resistance make it indispensable in high-precision optical systems. The growth of the semiconductor and aerospace industries is driving this segment.
   • Energy Applications:
     Calcium fluoride is finding growing applications in renewable energy systems, such as solar panels and energy storage technologies. Its use in advanced ceramics and specialty glass for energy-efficient systems is an emerging trend.
   • Dental and Healthcare:
     Calcium fluoride is a source of fluoride for dental care products like toothpaste and mouthwash, helping prevent cavities and strengthen enamel. The increasing focus on oral health and preventive care supports steady demand in this segment.
3. By End-Use Industry
   • Chemical Industry:
     The largest end-user, driven by demand for hydrofluoric acid and fluoride-based chemicals used in a range of industrial applications, including refrigerants, fluoropolymers, and chemical intermediates.
   • Metallurgy:
     Significant use in steel and aluminum industries as a flux, aligned with growing infrastructure and manufacturing activities worldwide.
   • Optics and Electronics:
     High demand for ultra-pure calcium fluoride in optics, photonics, and semiconductor manufacturing, driven by advancements in electronics and telecommunications.
   • Healthcare:
     Used in dental care products and pharmaceutical applications, driven by increasing health awareness globally.
   • Renewable Energy:
     An emerging end-user as calcium fluoride-based materials find applications in solar panels, battery systems, and other clean energy technologies.
4. By Region
   • North America:
     Strong demand for calcium fluoride in the chemical, optics, and metallurgical sectors. The region’s focus on advanced manufacturing and clean energy supports growth.
   • Europe:
     Driven by demand in steelmaking, fluorochemicals, and optical applications. The region’s focus on sustainability and high-tech industries supports the market.
   • Asia Pacific:
     The largest and fastest-growing market due to expanding steel production, chemical manufacturing, and electronics industries in countries like China, India, and Japan.
   • Middle East and Africa:
     Demand is growing in metallurgical and energy applications, supported by infrastructure development and industrial diversification.
   • Latin America:
     Growth in the region is driven by steel production and agricultural industries, with increasing investments in renewable energy technologies.

Calcium Fluoride Production and Import-Export Scenario

The global calcium fluoride (CaF₂) market is influenced by the availability of natural reserves, industrial demand, and trade dynamics. As a naturally occurring mineral, calcium fluoride, or fluorite, is primarily mined in regions with abundant geological deposits. The largest producers of calcium fluoride include China, Mexico, Mongolia, and South Africa, which collectively dominate global production. These countries benefit from significant fluorite reserves, cost-effective mining operations, and proximity to major consumer markets. Among them, China leads the production and export of calcium fluoride, leveraging its vast resources and established mining infrastructure. The country is the largest supplier of both acid-grade and metallurgical-grade calcium fluoride, exporting to regions such as North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific to meet the growing demand in the steel, chemical, and optics industries.

Mexico is another key producer and exporter, with significant reserves of high-grade fluorite. The country supplies a substantial portion of its calcium fluoride to the United States, catering to the U.S. demand for acid-grade material used in hydrofluoric acid production. Similarly, South Africa plays a crucial role in the global supply chain, exporting its calcium fluoride to markets in Europe and Asia, particularly for use in the metallurgical and chemical sectors.

In contrast, countries with limited fluorite reserves, such as the United States, India, and much of Europe, rely heavily on imports to meet domestic demand. The U.S., despite having some domestic production, imports significant quantities of calcium fluoride, particularly acid-grade material, from Mexico and China. This reliance is driven by the growing needs of the chemical industry for hydrofluoric acid production and the steel and aluminum sectors for flux material. India, with its expanding steel and chemical industries, also imports calcium fluoride, mainly from China, to support its domestic growth. European nations, including Germany, France, and the United Kingdom, similarly depend on imports from major producers like China and South Africa to supply their chemical manufacturing, metallurgy, and optics industries.

The calcium fluoride trade is shaped by regional demand trends and technological advancements. Acid-grade calcium fluoride, which accounts for the majority of global trade, is increasingly in demand due to its critical role in producing hydrofluoric acid—a precursor for fluorochemicals, fluoropolymers, and refrigerants. Metallurgical-grade calcium fluoride is widely used in steelmaking and aluminum production, particularly in regions experiencing infrastructure growth, such as Asia-Pacific and the Middle East. High-purity optical-grade calcium fluoride, while a smaller segment, is gaining traction in developed markets like North America and Europe, driven by advancements in photonics and semiconductor manufacturing.

Exporters like China and Mexico benefit from strong demand for high-quality calcium fluoride, while importing nations focus on securing reliable supplies to support their industrial needs. Trade tensions, environmental regulations, and fluctuating mining output can impact global supply chains, influencing prices and availability. As demand for renewable energy, advanced materials, and clean technologies grows, the calcium fluoride market is expected to expand, with increasing opportunities for producers and exporters to cater to emerging applications worldwide.

Market Scenario, Demand vs Supply, Average Product Price, Import vs Export, till 2032

• Global Calcium Fluoride Market revenue and demand by region
• Global Calcium Fluoride Market production and sales volume
• United States Calcium Fluoride Market revenue size and demand by country
• Europe Calcium Fluoride Market revenue size and demand by country
• Asia Pacific Calcium Fluoride Market revenue size and demand by country
• Middle East & Africa Calcium Fluoride Market revenue size and demand by country
• Latin America Calcium Fluoride Market revenue size and demand by
• Import-export scenario – United States, Europe, APAC, Latin America, Middle East & Africa
• Average product price – United States, Europe, APAC, Latin America, Middle East & Africa
• Market player analysis, competitive scenario, market share analysis
• Business opportunity analysis

Key questions answered in the Global Calcium Fluoride Market Analysis Report:

• What is the market size for Calcium Fluoride in United States, Europe, APAC, Middle East & Africa, Latin America?
• What is the yearly sales volume of Calcium Fluoride and how is the demand rising?
• Who are the top market players by market share, in each product segment?
• Which is the fastest growing business/ product segment?
• What should be the business strategies and Go to Market strategies?

The report covers Calcium Fluoride Market revenue, Production, Sales volume, by regions, (further split into countries): 

• Asia Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Indonesia, Vietnam, Rest of APAC)
• Europe (UK, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Benelux, Poland, Rest of Europe)
• North America (United States, Canada, Mexico)
• Latin America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of Latin America)
• Middle East & Africa

Table of Contents:

1. Product Overview and Scope of Calcium Fluoride
2. Calcium Fluoride Segment Analysis by Product Category
3. Global Calcium Fluoride Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2032)
4. United States market size, production, sales, average price, import vs exports
5. Europe market size, production, sales, average price, import vs exports
6. Asia Pacific market size, production, sales, average price, import vs exports
7. Latin America market size, production, sales, average price, import vs exports
8. Middle East & Africa market size, production, sales, average price, import vs exports
9. Calcium Fluoride Production Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2032)
10. Market Competition by Manufacturers
11. Global Calcium Fluoride Production by Manufacturers
12. Global Calcium Fluoride Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2023)
13. Production Analysis
14. Calcium Fluoride Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
15. Calcium Fluoride Production VS Export
16. Calcium Fluoride Consumption VS Import
17. Consumption Analysis
18. Calcium Fluoride Consumption by Region
19. Calcium Fluoride Consumption by Product
20. Calcium Fluoride Consumption Market Share by Product
21. Global Production of Calcium Fluoride by Product (2019-2024)
22. Revenue Market Share by Product (2019-2024)
23. Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
24. Calcium Fluoride Manufacturing Cost Analysis
25. Calcium Fluoride Key Raw Materials Analysis
26. Key Raw Materials
27. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
28. Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
29. Calcium Fluoride Industrial Chain Analysis
30. Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
31. Calcium Fluoride Distributors List
32. Calcium Fluoride Sales Partners
33. Calcium Fluoride Customers List
34. Production and Supply Forecast