Europe Methylenediphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI) Market Size, Production, Sales, Average Product Price, Market Share, Import vs Export

Surging Construction Activities Fuel the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

The Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market is witnessing robust growth, primarily driven by the region’s expanding construction sector. The demand for energy-efficient buildings across Germany, France, and the UK has triggered a sharp increase in the consumption of MDI-based rigid polyurethane foams. These foams are indispensable for insulation applications due to their high thermal resistance, low weight, and durability. For instance, Europe’s green building trend has led to a 12% annual increase in demand for polyurethane insulation materials since 2021, directly benefiting the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. In Germany alone, the renovation of old buildings into energy-compliant structures has accelerated MDI-based product usage, making the country a strategic hub for MDI consumption. 

Automotive Lightweighting Accelerates the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market Expansion 

Another key growth driver for the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market is the increasing shift toward lightweight automotive manufacturing. European automotive giants such as BMW, Audi, and Volkswagen are integrating MDI-based polyurethane materials into dashboards, seating, bumpers, and interior trims to reduce vehicle weight and improve energy efficiency.

For instance, the adoption of lightweight polyurethane foam components has helped reduce vehicle weight by 10–15%, leading to improved fuel efficiency and extended EV range. With electric vehicle (EV) sales in Europe growing at a CAGR of over 25% from 2020 to 2024, the demand for advanced MDI-based components is also accelerating. The Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market is consequently seeing strong traction from OEMs aiming to meet EU carbon emission targets. 

Datavagyanik also covers related markets such as the Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market, the Polymeric MDI & Monomeric MDI Market, and the Hexamethylene Diisocyanate Market. Such interlinked markets help paint a fuller story of the supply chain, influencing the primary topic’s trajectory. 

Furniture and Bedding Industry Enhances the Scope of the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

The Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market is also being driven by the growing demand in the furniture and bedding sector. MDI is a critical raw material in the manufacturing of flexible polyurethane foams used in sofas, cushions, and memory foam mattresses. For example, flexible polyurethane foam demand in Europe grew by 9% in 2023, driven by consumer interest in comfort-focused and ergonomic furniture. Italy and Spain are particularly significant in this domain, with their thriving furniture manufacturing clusters relying heavily on MDI-based materials for product quality and performance. This trend aligns with rising disposable incomes and the boom in residential housing across Southern and Eastern Europe, reinforcing the importance of MDI in enhancing furniture longevity and comfort. 

Energy-Efficient Appliances Push Demand in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

The Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market is benefitting from a parallel boom in the appliance industry, particularly in energy-efficient refrigerators, freezers, and HVAC systems. MDI-based polyurethane insulation materials are being extensively adopted by appliance manufacturers across France, Italy, and Poland. These materials improve energy conservation by maintaining stable internal temperatures and reducing energy loss. For instance, energy-efficient appliance production in Europe rose by over 15% between 2022 and 2024, resulting in increased use of MDI-based insulation foams. This growth is strongly supported by EU energy-labeling directives and financial incentives encouraging manufacturers to innovate with high-performance insulation solutions, thereby strengthening MDI demand in the appliance segment. 

Cold Chain Infrastructure Spurs the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market Growth 

The Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market is witnessing increased application in cold chain logistics and storage infrastructure. Rigid polyurethane foams made from MDI are essential in refrigerated warehouses and transport vehicles due to their superior insulating properties. For instance, with the rise in pharmaceutical cold chains and frozen food logistics, Europe’s cold storage capacity expanded by 8% in 2023 alone. This expansion translates into greater demand for high-performance thermal insulation, where MDI-based polyurethane remains the preferred solution. Germany, France, and the Netherlands are investing heavily in cold chain upgrades, providing a consistent boost to the MDI market across Western Europe. 

Sustainable MDI Innovations Elevate the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market Outlook 

Sustainability trends are reshaping the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. European manufacturers are increasingly transitioning towards low-emission, recyclable, and bio-based MDI formulations to align with EU climate goals and the European Green Deal. For example, companies such as Covestro and BASF have introduced bio-based MDI variants that reduce carbon footprints by up to 40%. The push toward circular economy practices has also prompted innovation in MDI recycling and closed-loop polyurethane foam systems. This green transformation is not only helping manufacturers meet environmental regulations but also unlocking new opportunities in green construction and eco-conscious product development across Europe. 

Construction Renovation Boom Drives the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

The renovation and retrofitting of Europe’s aging building stock is another critical factor advancing the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. Over 75% of European buildings were constructed before 1990 and are now being upgraded for energy efficiency. MDI-based rigid polyurethane foam is a core material used in retrofitting insulation for walls, roofs, and floors. For example, renovation projects in France and Scandinavia have driven up insulation material demand by 11% year-on-year, increasing the consumption of MDI-based products. As energy codes become stricter and carbon neutrality targets loom, MDI’s role in insulation applications is expanding significantly, enhancing its market footprint. 

Automotive Electrification Provides Momentum to the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) across Europe is creating new avenues of growth for the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. EVs require superior thermal management and noise insulation, areas where MDI-based foams deliver unmatched performance. For instance, battery casings, underbody insulation, and cabin soundproofing systems in EVs increasingly utilize MDI formulations to improve performance and passenger comfort. With over 3.5 million EVs sold in Europe in 2024 and projected annual growth of 20% until 2030, the surge in EV manufacturing is directly contributing to higher MDI demand across automotive plants in Germany, the UK, and the Czech Republic. 

Footwear and Fashion Industry Adds New Verticals to the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

The Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market is finding growth in diverse sectors, including the fashion and footwear industry. MDI-based elastomers are extensively used in shoe soles for their shock-absorbing, lightweight, and flexible properties. Italy, a leading exporter of premium footwear, has seen a 10% rise in the use of MDI polyurethane soles in the last two years. Similarly, sportswear brands in Spain and Germany are investing in high-performance athletic footwear using MDI-based materials, tapping into rising consumer demand for durability and comfort. These trends are adding vertical integration opportunities to MDI producers and expanding their market footprint beyond traditional industrial applications. 

Adhesives and Sealants Segment Strengthens the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

The CASE (Coatings, Adhesives, Sealants, and Elastomers) segment is a major contributor to the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. MDI is widely used in high-strength adhesives and sealants for industrial applications, including automotive assembly, aerospace, and infrastructure. For example, the demand for polyurethane adhesives in Europe’s construction sector rose by 7% annually between 2022 and 2024. MDI-based sealants provide weather resistance, flexibility, and long-term durability, making them suitable for bridges, tunnels, and transport infrastructure. As Europe boosts infrastructure investments under recovery and resilience funds, the CASE segment is emerging as a key growth driver in the MDI ecosystem. 

Bio-Based Formulations Reshape the Future of the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

With environmental regulations tightening, the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market is moving decisively toward sustainable innovation. Bio-based MDI production, utilizing renewable feedstocks like lignin or plant-derived precursors, is gaining momentum. For instance, recent pilot projects in Belgium and the Netherlands are demonstrating the feasibility of scaling up bio-based MDI manufacturing. These sustainable alternatives are especially appealing to manufacturers in the EU seeking carbon-neutral supply chains. The market is expected to see a CAGR of over 6% in bio-based MDI segments through 2030, with proactive industry participation and public-private R&D initiatives steering long-term transformation.

Germany Leads the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market with Strong Industrial Demand 

Germany dominates the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market through its mature industrial ecosystem and consistent investment in MDI production and applications. The country’s advanced construction technologies, paired with strict energy efficiency standards, have created sustained demand for MDI-based polyurethane insulation materials. For example, Germany retrofitted over 450,000 residential units in 2023, with the majority incorporating MDI-based insulation systems to meet energy compliance.

Moreover, German automotive manufacturers—such as Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen—rely heavily on MDI-based lightweight materials to reduce vehicle emissions and enhance EV performance. BASF and Covestro, with major production sites in Ludwigshafen and Leverkusen, have ramped up their MDI output to match domestic and export requirements, consolidating Germany’s leadership in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. 

France Enhances the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market Through Appliance and Building Insulation Demand 

France contributes significantly to the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market, driven by its focus on residential energy efficiency and consumer appliance growth. The French government’s incentive schemes, targeting thermal renovation of buildings, led to a 14% increase in insulation material demand in 2023. A large share of this demand is met using MDI-based rigid polyurethane foams due to their superior thermal conductivity and cost efficiency.

At the same time, French appliance manufacturers have reported a 9% rise in refrigerator and freezer production, each unit incorporating MDI-based insulation to comply with EU energy labeling requirements. Companies like Arkema and Huntsman have enhanced their supply capabilities in France to support growing demand, positioning the nation as a core player in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. 

United Kingdom Drives the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market with Green Building Initiatives 

The United Kingdom plays an influential role in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market by championing zero-carbon construction. With a strong policy focus on decarbonization and energy efficiency, the UK added over 35 million square meters of insulated wall systems in 2023, a majority using MDI-based polyurethane foam. Additionally, the UK’s automotive sector, led by Jaguar Land Rover, has increased its reliance on MDI-based seating and sound-dampening materials to support the production of electric SUVs.

Polyurethane-based adhesives and sealants have also gained traction across UK infrastructure projects, contributing to a 12% surge in MDI demand from the construction sector alone. The UK’s dual emphasis on infrastructure modernization and sustainable building design continues to expand the scope of the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. 

Italy Strengthens the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market Through Furniture and Footwear Applications 

Italy is uniquely positioned within the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market due to its well-established furniture and fashion sectors. Italian manufacturers recorded a 10% rise in polyurethane foam usage in 2023, driven by exports of ergonomic sofas, memory foam mattresses, and designer footwear. The country’s furniture industry increasingly favors MDI-based foams for their resilience, shape retention, and low VOC emissions.

At the same time, Italy’s footwear producers have adopted MDI-based elastomers for shock-absorbing soles, responding to rising consumer interest in lightweight and high-performance shoes. With its manufacturing hubs in Milan, Como, and Florence, Italy is not only a key consumer but also a regional supplier of MDI-based products, reinforcing its role in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. 

Spain Diversifies the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market Through Renewable Energy and Insulation Projects 

Spain is driving diversification in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market by applying MDI in renewable energy infrastructure and advanced insulation systems. For instance, polyurethane-based materials are now used in battery enclosures and structural insulation for solar farms and wind turbine housings. As Spain added more than 4 GW of new solar capacity in 2023, demand for temperature-resistant MDI-based materials grew correspondingly. In the construction sector, thermal regulations led to a 13% increase in the use of MDI foams for residential insulation. With a growing emphasis on integrating MDI into circular economy frameworks, Spain is also investing in MDI recycling technologies, further contributing to the sustainability trajectory of the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. 

The Netherlands Positions Itself as a Sustainability Hub in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

The Netherlands is emerging as a center for sustainable innovation within the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. Dutch companies are spearheading closed-loop polyurethane recycling and the development of bio-based MDI alternatives. For example, recent industrial pilot programs in Rotterdam demonstrated the feasibility of recycling MDI foam with over 80% recovery efficiency. The Dutch construction industry has embraced pre-insulated wall panels using MDI to meet near-zero energy building (NZEB) targets, increasing polyurethane demand by 11% year-over-year. Moreover, transportation infrastructure projects such as tunnel renovations and offshore wind maintenance leverage MDI-based coatings and sealants. These multi-sectoral applications are propelling The Netherlands forward in shaping the green future of the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. 

By Application: Rigid PU Foam Dominates the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

Within the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market, rigid polyurethane (PU) foam remains the leading application segment, accounting for over 45% of total MDI consumption. Rigid PU foam is integral to insulation in commercial and residential buildings, cold chain logistics, and industrial refrigeration systems. For instance, data from 2023 indicates that rigid PU insulation reduces building energy consumption by up to 30%, a compelling value proposition driving rapid adoption across Germany, the UK, and France.

These foams are also the go-to material for insulating refrigerated transport, a sector that grew by over 10% last year across Europe. Rigid PU foam’s unmatched energy efficiency, flame retardancy, and structural integrity ensure its dominance in the application mix of the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. 

By Application: Flexible PU Foam Expands in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

Flexible polyurethane foam applications are expanding steadily in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market, driven by demand in bedding, furniture, and automotive interiors. These foams offer superior comfort and mechanical strength, making them ideal for ergonomic seating, mattresses, and car interiors. For example, mattress production in Europe rose by 8% in 2023, with nearly all new high-end models using MDI-based memory foam.

Likewise, flexible foams used in car seats have seen double-digit growth in the EV segment, thanks to their lightweight and energy-absorbing properties. The flexible PU foam segment now accounts for approximately 28% of MDI usage across Europe, and with evolving consumer preferences, its share in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market is poised for further growth. 

By Application: CASE Applications Transform the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

Coatings, adhesives, sealants, and elastomers (CASE) represent a fast-growing application cluster in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. MDI-based adhesives and coatings are widely used in industrial assembly, construction joints, marine coatings, and wind turbine protection. For instance, European wind energy projects added over 17 GW of capacity in 2023, with MDI-based sealants used to enhance blade durability and weather resistance. Similarly, infrastructure repairs across European highways and bridges increasingly rely on polyurethane-based bonding agents to provide long-lasting adhesion and resilience under stress. CASE applications, now contributing to over 15% of MDI demand, are driving innovation and application diversification in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. 

By Type: Polymeric MDI (PMDI) Dominates the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

In terms of product segmentation, polymeric MDI (PMDI) holds the lion’s share of the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market due to its versatility and cost-effectiveness in producing rigid foams. PMDI is favored in large-scale applications like spray foam insulation, sandwich panels, and structural boards. For instance, PMDI consumption rose by over 9% in 2023, particularly in the production of pre-insulated construction elements. Its compatibility with automated manufacturing systems makes PMDI the preferred variant for mass production in insulation boards and automotive interiors. Pure MDI, by contrast, is used in specialty applications such as high-performance adhesives and elastomers but accounts for a smaller market share. 

By End-Use Industry: Construction Sector Anchors the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

The construction industry continues to anchor the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market, consuming over 50% of the region’s MDI output. The sector’s reliance on MDI-based materials spans insulation, adhesives, sealants, and waterproof coatings. As governments enforce building energy standards under directives like EPBD (Energy Performance of Buildings Directive), developers are opting for MDI-based foams to meet compliance while enhancing thermal efficiency. Construction activity across Europe surged by 6.5% in 2023, with new energy-efficient housing and commercial buildings serving as the primary consumption centers. With continued investments in smart cities and low-energy infrastructure, construction will remain the foundation of the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. 

Leading Manufacturers Shaping the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

The Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market is characterized by the presence of several global chemical giants with large-scale production capabilities, advanced R&D facilities, and diversified product portfolios. These manufacturers not only supply MDI for core insulation and construction applications but also actively innovate with bio-based and recyclable alternatives to meet Europe’s stringent sustainability targets. 

BASF SE: A Powerhouse in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

BASF SE is among the most influential players in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. With its primary MDI production facility located in Ludwigshafen, Germany, BASF supplies a wide range of MDI-based products through its Lupranate series. This includes Lupranate M20S and Lupranate M70L, both designed for rigid polyurethane foam applications in building insulation, cold storage, and refrigeration. BASF has also been leading the transition to sustainable formulations. The company’s ChemCycling™ initiative is now incorporating recycled feedstock into MDI production, demonstrating BASF’s proactive alignment with the EU’s Green Deal. 

Covestro AG: Driving Innovation in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

Covestro AG, headquartered in Leverkusen, Germany, holds a dominant share in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. Covestro’s Desmodur product line includes high-performance MDI variants such as Desmodur 44V20L and Desmodur 44MC, widely used in the construction, automotive, and CASE segments. These products deliver excellent reactivity and mechanical stability, making them essential in manufacturing rigid foams and elastomers. Covestro has recently introduced a climate-neutral MDI variant as part of its circular economy vision, marking a major advancement in low-emission polyurethane technologies. With manufacturing operations across Germany, the Netherlands, and Belgium, Covestro is a key innovation driver in the region. 

Huntsman Corporation: Advancing High-Performance Solutions in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

Huntsman Corporation is another critical contributor to the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market, with a strong presence in Belgium and France. Its Suprasec range offers MDI products tailored for insulation panels, spray foam, footwear, and automotive seating. Suprasec 5005, for example, is engineered for low-viscosity spray foam insulation, offering fast curing and superior thermal insulation performance. Huntsman has recently focused on expanding its reach in bio-based and low-carbon MDI production, targeting the growing demand for sustainable materials in European construction and mobility sectors. 

Wanhua Chemical Group: A Global Force in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

Though based in China, Wanhua Chemical Group has rapidly expanded its footprint in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. The company exports a wide portfolio of MDI grades to Europe under the WANNATE brand, such as WANNATE PM-200 and WANNATE MDI-100LL, which are used in insulation foams, adhesives, and rigid foam systems. Wanhua’s strategic partnerships with European distributors and OEMs have helped it grow its influence, especially in Central and Eastern Europe, where demand for cost-effective insulation materials is accelerating. Wanhua’s increasing focus on R&D in low-emission polyurethane chemistry is expected to further strengthen its market position. 

Mitsui Chemicals Europe: A Specialized Player in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

Mitsui Chemicals, with regional operations under Mitsui Chemicals Europe GmbH, contributes to niche segments within the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. The company is recognized for its high-purity MDI formulations used in specialty elastomers, electronics insulation, and precision automotive components. Its Milastomer and Mitsui Isocyanate brands are gaining traction in advanced applications such as vibration dampers, EV battery insulation, and wearable medical devices. Mitsui’s commitment to innovation has led to the development of modified MDI solutions compatible with biodegradable polymers, adding a future-focused layer to its portfolio. 

Kumho Mitsui Chemicals: Targeting the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market Through Strategic Exports 

Kumho Mitsui Chemicals (KMC), a joint venture between Korea-based Kumho Petrochemical and Japan’s Mitsui Chemicals, is an emerging supplier of MDI to Europe. While KMC’s production facilities are in South Korea, the company is increasingly directing exports to Western Europe, supporting sectors such as automotive, footwear, and appliance insulation. KMC’s KMDI brand includes formulations optimized for high-impact resistance and thermal stability. The company is currently investing in developing eco-friendly MDI derivatives, which are likely to meet Europe’s rising standards on carbon-neutral materials. 

Dow Europe GmbH: Legacy Influence on the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

While Dow’s MDI operations are more prominent in North America, its European division—Dow Europe GmbH—continues to serve the regional market with advanced polyurethane systems. Dow’s Vorastar and Pascall polyurethane product families incorporate MDI-based solutions for coatings and insulation applications. With production infrastructure across Germany and Italy, Dow is supporting downstream foam producers and OEMs with consistent MDI supply, particularly for CASE and insulation-grade formulations. 

BorsodChem: Eastern Europe’s Contributor to the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

Hungary-based BorsodChem, a subsidiary of Wanhua Chemical Group, plays a pivotal role in serving Central and Eastern Europe’s MDI requirements. The company operates a large MDI plant in Kazincbarcika and supplies both polymeric and pure MDI types under the Vivatherm brand. BorsodChem’s geographical advantage enables cost-effective logistics across nearby EU countries like Poland, Romania, and the Czech Republic, where construction activities are rapidly expanding. The company’s focus on maintaining REACH-compliant, high-quality MDI products has made it a reliable partner within the broader Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market.  

Recent Developments Reshaping the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market 

The Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market is currently undergoing a strategic shift driven by sustainability initiatives, capacity expansions, and supply chain restructuring. 

• In Q4 2024, Covestro announced the successful commercial launch of its climate-neutral MDI, manufactured using mass-balanced bio-based feedstocks. This marks a major milestone in the decarbonization of polyurethane value chains in Europe. 

• BASF, in January 2025, disclosed plans to increase its MDI production capacity in Ludwigshafen by 10%, aimed at addressing rising demand for insulation materials in Germany’s building renovation programs. 

• Wanhua Chemical Group, through BorsodChem, completed a €450 million upgrade to its Hungarian MDI plant in late 2024, expanding capacity and introducing new grades optimized for circular applications. 

• Huntsman, in early 2025, launched a new product in its Suprasec line tailored for cold-chain logistics and freezer insulation, responding to the 12% rise in refrigerated warehousing across Western Europe. 

• The European Commission released updated guidance in March 2025 under the EPBD directive, mandating stricter insulation requirements by 2027. This policy is expected to increase demand for high-performance MDI-based insulation panels across the EU. 

These developments, both technological and regulatory, are reinforcing the competitive dynamics in the Europe Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) Market. As the market continues to expand, manufacturers who invest in sustainable chemistry, local production capacity, and advanced applications are likely to emerge as long-term winners in the evolving European polyurethane landscape.