Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market Size, Production, Sales, Average Product Price, Market Share, Import vs Export

Global Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market Revenue Size and Production Analysis

Global Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market Size is expected to grow at a notable pace in the coming years. Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors demand is growing due to:

1. Increased Adoption of Electric Vehicles (EVs): The rising popularity of EVs drives the need for high-precision current sensing solutions in battery management systems, inverters, and onboard chargers. Ultra-low resistance shunt resistors are essential for accurate power and energy monitoring in these applications.
2. Advancements in Renewable Energy Systems: Solar power inverters, wind turbines, and other renewable energy systems require precise current measurement for efficiency optimization. This has significantly increased the demand for ultra-low resistance SMD shunt resistors.
3. Growth in Consumer Electronics: The proliferation of compact and energy-efficient electronic devices, such as smartphones, laptops, and wearables, requires precise current monitoring. Ultra-low resistance shunt resistors are a preferred choice in these devices due to their small size and high reliability.
4. Demand for High-Performance Industrial Equipment: Industries are moving toward automation and smarter systems, requiring precise control and monitoring of currents in machinery and robotics, where these resistors play a vital role.
5. Advances in IoT and Smart Devices: The Internet of Things (IoT) and smart home devices require efficient energy usage and monitoring, further boosting the need for ultra-low resistance SMD shunt resistors.
6. Growing Demand in the Automotive Sector Beyond EVs: Beyond electric vehicles, traditional and hybrid automotive systems also utilize these resistors for advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), infotainment systems, and energy distribution.
7. Rising Emphasis on Energy Efficiency: With global energy efficiency standards tightening, the demand for components like ultra-low resistance shunt resistors, which contribute to power optimization and loss reduction, is on the rise.
8. Enhanced Accuracy in Precision Equipment: Sectors such as medical devices, aerospace, and telecommunications require highly accurate current sensing, making these resistors an integral component.

United States and Europe Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market Recent Developments and Business Opportunities by Country

The Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market in the United States and Europe has witnessed significant developments and an expanding range of business opportunities driven by the growing demand across various industries. In the United States, market growth has been fueled by robust production capabilities and the increasing adoption of advanced technologies in electric vehicles (EVs), renewable energy systems, and consumer electronics. The nation’s well-established semiconductor and electronics manufacturing infrastructure has enabled the efficient production of ultra-low resistance SMD shunt resistors. Companies in the U.S. are also leveraging R&D investments to innovate products that meet the precision and reliability needs of modern applications. As the automotive and energy storage industries expand, the production of these resistors is expected to grow further, aligning with the increasing push for sustainable energy solutions and advanced power monitoring systems.

In Europe, the Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market is marked by country-specific developments, reflecting diverse industrial landscapes and economic priorities. Germany, for instance, stands as a key market due to its leadership in automotive manufacturing and renewable energy. The nation’s push towards electric mobility has driven the demand for high-precision current sensing components, encouraging local production of ultra-low resistance shunt resistors. German manufacturers are integrating these resistors into battery management systems and EV charging infrastructure, further strengthening their market presence. Additionally, Germany’s emphasis on Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing has increased the use of these resistors in industrial automation systems.

In France, the market is growing steadily, supported by the country’s commitment to renewable energy and advancements in the aerospace sector. France’s robust renewable energy initiatives, particularly in solar and wind energy, have created opportunities for the production and integration of ultra-low resistance SMD shunt resistors in power management and inverter systems. The aerospace industry, another significant contributor, demands these resistors for precise current sensing in avionics and power distribution systems, boosting domestic production.

The United Kingdom has emerged as another prominent market for ultra-low resistance SMD shunt resistors, driven by the rapid adoption of IoT devices and smart technologies. British companies are focusing on innovative resistor designs that cater to the growing need for miniaturization and energy efficiency in IoT applications. Furthermore, the UK’s automotive sector, particularly in EV manufacturing, has stimulated demand for locally produced resistors, with a focus on sustainability and compliance with environmental regulations.

In Italy, the market is shaped by the growth of industrial automation and energy efficiency projects. Italian manufacturers are increasingly incorporating ultra-low resistance SMD shunt resistors into machinery and robotics, enabling precise current monitoring and power optimization. The nation’s investments in renewable energy projects have further bolstered the production of these resistors, particularly for solar inverters and energy storage systems.

Spain, on the other hand, has focused on renewable energy and consumer electronics as key drivers of market growth. The nation’s leadership in solar energy production has created a steady demand for ultra-low resistance shunt resistors, which are critical for monitoring and optimizing energy output in solar inverters. Additionally, Spain’s growing electronics manufacturing sector has adopted these resistors for applications in consumer devices, ensuring efficient production processes to meet domestic and international demand.

In the Nordic countries, such as Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, the market for ultra-low resistance SMD shunt resistors has been influenced by strong renewable energy policies and the adoption of sustainable technologies. These countries have heavily invested in wind energy and electric mobility, creating significant opportunities for resistor manufacturers. Swedish companies, for example, are focusing on producing ultra-low resistance shunt resistors for use in EVs and wind turbine systems, aligning with the country’s goal of becoming carbon-neutral.

Central and Eastern Europe also play an increasingly important role in the market, with countries like Poland, Czech Republic, and Hungary becoming hubs for electronics production. These nations are leveraging their strategic location and skilled workforce to attract investments in resistor production. Poland’s focus on developing EV charging infrastructure has driven the demand for ultra-low resistance shunt resistors, while the Czech Republic and Hungary have seen growth due to the rising adoption of smart industrial equipment and energy storage systems.

Moreover, the Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market in Europe benefits from stringent energy efficiency regulations and policies that promote the use of advanced energy management technologies. These regulations have encouraged the production and adoption of ultra-low resistance shunt resistors across various applications, from EVs and renewable energy systems to industrial automation and consumer electronics.

Business opportunities in the United States and Europe are also shaped by emerging trends such as the miniaturization of electronic components, the integration of resistors into IoT devices, and the growing emphasis on green energy solutions. Manufacturers are increasingly focusing on developing resistors with higher accuracy, lower thermal drift, and enhanced durability to cater to the evolving needs of end-users. Additionally, collaborations between resistor manufacturers and original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are driving innovation and enabling the production of customized solutions.

In conclusion, the Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market in the United States and Europe offers substantial opportunities for growth, driven by advancements in EVs, renewable energy, industrial automation, and consumer electronics. Country-specific factors such as Germany’s leadership in automotive manufacturing, France’s focus on renewable energy, and the UK’s innovation in IoT applications highlight the diverse dynamics of the European market. Meanwhile, the United States continues to lead in production capabilities, supported by a strong industrial base and investments in advanced technologies. As demand for precision current sensing solutions grows, the production of ultra-low resistance SMD shunt resistors is set to expand, creating new opportunities for manufacturers and businesses across these regions.

Asia Pacific Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market Recent Developments and Business Opportunities by Country

The Asia Pacific Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market has been experiencing robust growth, driven by rapid industrialization, technological advancements, and the region’s position as a global manufacturing hub. Key countries in the region, such as China, Japan, South Korea, and India, are playing a significant role in shaping market dynamics through increased production and innovation.

China, as the largest electronics manufacturing hub globally, dominates the Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market in the Asia Pacific. The country’s massive production capacity and advanced infrastructure for consumer electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), and renewable energy systems have created a substantial demand for these resistors. With the rapid adoption of EVs and the development of high-performance battery management systems, China has emerged as a critical market for ultra-low resistance resistors. Domestic manufacturers are heavily investing in R&D to produce resistors that cater to the growing need for precision and durability in automotive and industrial applications.

In Japan, the market is driven by the country’s focus on innovation and precision engineering. Japan’s automotive sector, which includes a strong presence in EV production, has significantly contributed to the demand for ultra-low resistance SMD shunt resistors. Additionally, Japan’s leadership in robotics and automation has further boosted the production of these resistors, which are integral to ensuring the efficiency and accuracy of industrial automation systems. Japanese manufacturers are also developing cutting-edge resistor designs to meet the miniaturization trends in consumer electronics and IoT devices.

South Korea is another key player in the Asia Pacific region, with its strong emphasis on advanced technologies and semiconductor production. The country’s leadership in the production of consumer electronics, such as smartphones, wearables, and home appliances, has created consistent demand for ultra-low resistance SMD shunt resistors. Furthermore, South Korea’s push for renewable energy adoption, including solar and wind energy, has spurred the development of power management solutions where these resistors play a critical role. Local manufacturers are focusing on scaling production to meet both domestic and export demands, leveraging the country’s advanced manufacturing capabilities.

In India, the market is expanding rapidly, supported by the government’s initiatives to boost domestic manufacturing through programs like “Make in India.” The growing adoption of EVs and renewable energy systems in India has created new opportunities for the production and use of ultra-low resistance SMD shunt resistors. Additionally, the burgeoning electronics manufacturing sector, driven by increased demand for smartphones, laptops, and other consumer devices, has further fueled the need for these resistors. Indian manufacturers are increasingly investing in technology upgrades to produce high-precision resistors that cater to the evolving needs of the market.

Southeast Asian countries, such as Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaysia, are emerging as new growth hubs in the Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market. These nations are benefiting from the shift in global supply chains, as manufacturers seek alternative production bases to diversify operations. Vietnam and Thailand, in particular, are seeing significant investments in electronics and EV component manufacturing, creating demand for ultra-low resistance shunt resistors. Malaysia, with its strong semiconductor production base, is also a key contributor to the regional market.

Australia and New Zealand represent smaller yet significant markets, primarily driven by the adoption of renewable energy technologies. The rapid deployment of solar and wind energy projects in these countries has increased the demand for precision resistors used in energy monitoring and power management systems. Local initiatives to transition to sustainable energy solutions are expected to drive the production and adoption of ultra-low resistance SMD shunt resistors further.

Overall, the Asia Pacific Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market is marked by dynamic developments and promising business opportunities. The region’s leadership in electronics and semiconductor production, coupled with the rising demand for EVs, renewable energy, and industrial automation, underscores the critical role of ultra-low resistance resistors in modern applications. Manufacturers in the region are focusing on scaling production and enhancing innovation to cater to the diverse needs of industries, ensuring continued growth and development in this market segment.

Global Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Analysis by Market Segmentation

1. By Resistance Value

• Ultra-Low Resistance (0.1mΩ – 1mΩ):
  These resistors are widely used for precision current sensing in high-power applications such as electric vehicles (EVs), renewable energy systems, and industrial equipment. Their ultra-low resistance ensures minimal power loss and high accuracy.
• Low Resistance (1mΩ – 10mΩ):
  Primarily utilized in consumer electronics and medium-power applications. They offer a balance between power handling and accuracy, making them suitable for general-purpose devices like smartphones and IoT products.

2. By Power Rating

• Low-Power Resistors (up to 1W):
  These are predominantly used in small consumer electronics, IoT devices, and portable gadgets where space and energy efficiency are critical.
• Medium-Power Resistors (1W – 3W):
  Commonly applied in industrial control systems and automotive subsystems, such as battery management systems (BMS) and infotainment systems.
• High-Power Resistors (Above 3W):
  Designed for heavy-duty applications, including EV powertrains, renewable energy inverters, and robotics. They can handle higher currents without overheating, making them essential for energy-intensive systems.

3. By End-Use Industry

• Automotive:
  One of the largest application areas, driven by the growing adoption of EVs, hybrid vehicles, and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS). Ultra-low resistance shunt resistors are crucial for precision current measurement in EV batteries, charging systems, and motor controls.
• Consumer Electronics:
  This segment includes smartphones, laptops, tablets, and wearables. The increasing demand for compact and energy-efficient devices boosts the need for miniaturized ultra-low resistance resistors.
• Industrial Automation:
  The rise of Industry 4.0 and smart factories has created demand for resistors used in robotics, motor controls, and energy monitoring systems.
• Renewable Energy:
  Solar inverters, wind turbines, and energy storage systems rely heavily on ultra-low resistance resistors for accurate current sensing and power optimization.
• Telecommunications:
  In telecom equipment, including 5G infrastructure, these resistors are used for monitoring power distribution and ensuring efficient network operation.

4. By Geographical Region

• North America:
  The region is driven by advancements in EV production and renewable energy adoption, with the U.S. being a leading contributor to innovation and production in the market.
• Europe:
  Europe’s strong focus on green energy and electric mobility drives demand for ultra-low resistance SMD shunt resistors. Countries like Germany, France, and the UK lead in automotive and industrial applications.
• Asia Pacific:
  The largest market, due to the region’s dominance in electronics and semiconductor production. Key contributors include China, Japan, South Korea, and India, driven by their robust manufacturing base and growing adoption of EVs.
• Latin America:
  The market is expanding steadily, driven by the growing adoption of renewable energy projects and the increasing demand for industrial automation in countries like Brazil and Mexico.
• Middle East & Africa (MEA):
  The focus on energy-efficient systems and the growth of renewable energy projects in the region contribute to the increasing adoption of ultra-low resistance resistors.

5. By Application

• Battery Management Systems (BMS):
  Used for current sensing in EVs and energy storage systems, ensuring accurate battery performance and efficiency.
• Motor Controls:
  Essential for monitoring and controlling motor current in industrial and automotive applications.
• Power Distribution Units (PDUs):
  Utilized for energy monitoring and efficient power distribution in data centers, telecommunications, and industrial systems.
• Inverters and Converters:
  Critical for renewable energy systems, ensuring precise current measurement and power optimization.

Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Production and Import-Export Scenario

The production and import-export scenario for Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors is shaped by the increasing global demand for precision current sensing solutions in various industries such as automotive, consumer electronics, renewable energy, and industrial automation. Leading production hubs, particularly in Asia Pacific, North America, and Europe, dominate the global market by leveraging advanced manufacturing capabilities, R&D investments, and regional economic strategies.

Production Scenario

The Asia Pacific region is the largest producer of ultra-low resistance SMD shunt resistors, with countries like China, Japan, and South Korea playing critical roles. China, as a global electronics manufacturing hub, has a robust production infrastructure supported by high demand for consumer electronics and electric vehicles (EVs). Chinese manufacturers focus on cost-efficient, high-volume production while continuously upgrading technologies to cater to growing global requirements. Japan and South Korea, renowned for their innovation in electronic components, prioritize the development of high-precision and reliable resistors, which are critical for advanced applications such as EV battery management systems, robotics, and telecommunications.

In North America, the United States leads the production of ultra-low resistance SMD shunt resistors, driven by its advanced industrial base and focus on renewable energy and electric mobility. U.S. manufacturers are highly invested in research and development to innovate high-performance resistors that meet stringent efficiency and reliability requirements, particularly for defense, aerospace, and automotive applications. The availability of advanced semiconductor production facilities further supports domestic production.

Europe’s production landscape is shaped by its emphasis on sustainability and technological advancements. Countries like Germany, France, and the UK are key contributors, with their industries prioritizing the production of resistors for electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, and industrial automation. German manufacturers, in particular, are at the forefront of developing resistors for high-power applications, aligning with the country’s strong automotive sector and renewable energy goals.

In emerging markets such as India, Vietnam, and Thailand, production capacities are growing as part of regional initiatives to boost domestic manufacturing and diversify supply chains. India’s “Make in India” initiative has spurred investments in local production of electronic components, including ultra-low resistance resistors, to cater to the expanding consumer electronics and EV markets. Similarly, Vietnam and Thailand have seen a rise in production capabilities due to their growing electronics manufacturing industries and favorable government policies.

Import-Export Scenario

The global trade of ultra-low resistance SMD shunt resistors reflects the interconnected nature of the electronics supply chain. Asia Pacific, as the largest production hub, also serves as the primary exporter of these resistors to North America, Europe, and other regions. China, with its vast production capabilities, dominates exports, supplying resistors to meet the growing demand in EVs, renewable energy systems, and consumer electronics globally. Japan and South Korea also contribute significantly to exports, focusing on high-precision resistors that cater to advanced applications in Europe and the United States.

Europe, despite its production capabilities, relies heavily on imports from Asia Pacific to meet the rising demand for ultra-low resistance resistors. Germany and France, key importers in the region, source resistors from China, Japan, and South Korea to support their automotive and renewable energy industries. The UK, as a major player in the IoT and industrial automation markets, also depends on imports to supplement its domestic production.

The United States, while a prominent producer, imports a substantial volume of ultra-low resistance SMD shunt resistors to meet the diverse requirements of its industries. Imports from Asia Pacific play a crucial role in supporting the country’s consumer electronics, EV, and renewable energy sectors. Trade partnerships and collaborations between U.S. companies and Asian manufacturers have further facilitated the smooth supply of these components.

Emerging markets such as India, Brazil, and South Africa rely significantly on imports to meet their domestic demand for ultra-low resistance resistors. India, in particular, sources resistors from China and Japan to support its growing EV and electronics manufacturing industries. However, the country is also focused on reducing its import dependency by ramping up domestic production capabilities.

The import-export scenario has also been influenced by global supply chain challenges, such as those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical tensions. Disruptions in semiconductor supply chains and increased demand for electronic components have put pressure on the availability of ultra-low resistance resistors. However, manufacturers are adapting by diversifying production bases, increasing regional manufacturing capacities, and investing in advanced technologies to reduce lead times.

Opportunities and Future Outlook

The growing emphasis on electric mobility, renewable energy adoption, and advancements in industrial automation offers immense opportunities for the production and trade of ultra-low resistance SMD shunt resistors. Countries with established production capabilities, such as China, Japan, and the United States, are expected to maintain their dominance in exports by continuing to innovate and scale production. Emerging markets like India and Vietnam will likely become key players in the production landscape, supported by government initiatives and increasing foreign investments.

Furthermore, the global shift toward sustainable energy solutions will drive demand for precision resistors in solar inverters, wind turbines, and energy storage systems, boosting exports from regions specializing in renewable energy components. Manufacturers that focus on developing resistors with enhanced performance, reliability, and scalability will be well-positioned to capitalize on these opportunities in the global market.

In conclusion, the production and import-export scenario for ultra-low resistance SMD shunt resistors highlights the dynamic and interconnected nature of the global market. While Asia Pacific dominates production and exports, regions like Europe and North America rely on imports to meet their growing demand. As industries continue to evolve, driven by technological advancements and sustainability goals, the market for these precision components is poised for significant growth, offering new opportunities for manufacturers and exporters worldwide.

Market Scenario, Demand vs Supply, Average Product Price, Import vs Export, till 2035

• Global Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market revenue and demand by region
• Global Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market production and sales volume
• United States Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market revenue size and demand by country
• Europe Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market revenue size and demand by country
• Asia Pacific Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market revenue size and demand by country
• Middle East & Africa Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market revenue size and demand by country
• Latin America Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market revenue size and demand by
• Import-export scenario – United States, Europe, APAC, Latin America, Middle East & Africa
• Average product price – United States, Europe, APAC, Latin America, Middle East & Africa
• Market player analysis, competitive scenario, market share analysis
• Business opportunity analysis

Key questions answered in the Global Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market Analysis Report:

• What is the market size for Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors in United States, Europe, APAC, Middle East & Africa, Latin America?
• What is the yearly sales volume of Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors and how is the demand rising?
• Who are the top market players by market share, in each product segment?
• Which is the fastest growing business/ product segment?
• What should be the business strategies and Go to Market strategies?

The report covers Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors Market revenue, Production, Sales volume, by regions, (further split into countries): 

• Asia Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Indonesia, Vietnam, Rest of APAC)
• Europe (UK, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Benelux, Poland, Rest of Europe)
• North America (United States, Canada, Mexico)
• Latin America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of Latin America)
• Middle East & Africa

Table of Contents:

1. Introduction to Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors
   • Overview and Definition
   • Importance in Modern Electronics
2. Evolution of SMD Shunt Resistors
   • Historical Development
   • Technological Milestones in Resistance Measurement
3. Types of Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors
   • Thick Film Resistors
   • Thin Film Resistors
   • Metal Plate and Foil Resistors
4. Key Functional Characteristics
   • Electrical and Thermal Performance
   • Durability and Miniaturization
5. Applications of Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors
   • Power Management and Energy Efficiency
   • Automotive Electronics and Electric Vehicles (EVs)
   • Consumer Electronics and IoT Devices
6. Role in High-Precision Measurement Systems
   • Current Sensing and Voltage Regulation
   • Industrial and Medical Applications
7. Global Market Overview
   • Current Market Size and Scope
   • Key Trends and Emerging Opportunities
8. Regional Analysis: North America
   • United States and Canada Market Insights
   • Technological Leadership and Demand Drivers
9. Regional Analysis: Europe
   • Germany, France, and UK: Growth Dynamics
   • Impact of Sustainability Initiatives
10. Regional Analysis: Asia-Pacific
    • Leading Manufacturing Hubs in China and Japan
    • Growing Demand from Emerging Economies
11. Regional Analysis: Latin America
    • Overview of Brazil and Mexico’s Market Potential
    • Regional Challenges and Opportunities
12. Regional Analysis: Middle East & Africa
    • Adoption in Emerging Industrial Sectors
    • Market Growth Potential
13. Market Dynamics and Key Drivers
    • Rising Demand for High-Precision Devices
    • Increasing Adoption in EV and Renewable Energy Systems
14. Challenges and Barriers in the Market
    • Technical Limitations of Ultra-Low Resistance Devices
    • Competitive Pressures and Pricing Challenges
15. Innovations and Advancements in SMD Shunt Resistors
    • Development of Nanotechnology-Enabled Resistors
    • Trends in Miniaturization and Thermal Management
16. Competitive Landscape
    • Profiles of Leading Manufacturers
    • Strategies for Differentiation and Market Expansion
17. Supply Chain and Material Analysis
    • Key Raw Materials and Components
    • Sourcing Challenges and Innovations
18. Pricing Trends and Cost Analysis
    • Historical and Current Price Trends
    • Impact of Material and Manufacturing Costs
19. Global Trade and Export Dynamics
    • Major Exporting and Importing Countries
    • Trade Policies and Their Impact on the Market
20. Sustainability Trends and Environmental Impact
    • Development of Eco-Friendly Manufacturing Processes
    • Compliance with Environmental Regulations
21. Emerging Applications in Advanced Technologies
    • Role in 5G Infrastructure and Telecommunications
    • Integration into Advanced Robotics and AI Systems
22. Technological Trends in Ultra-Low Resistance Measurement
    • Innovations in Circuit Design and Efficiency
    • Role of AI and Machine Learning in Resistor Design
23. Demand Analysis by End-Use Industry
    • Automotive and Transportation
    • Industrial Automation and Smart Grids
24. Future of Ultra-Low Resistance Resistors in Energy Systems
    • Applications in Renewable Energy Storage
    • Role in Electric Vehicle Battery Management
25. Forecast and Market Projections (2025-2035)
    • Anticipated Growth by Region and Industry
    • Emerging Trends in High-Performance Applications
26. Strategic Recommendations for Stakeholders
    • Insights for Manufacturers and Suppliers
    • Strategies to Capture Growth Opportunities
27. Conclusion and Market Outlook
    • Summary of Key Findings
    • Long-Term Prospects for Ultra-Low Resistance SMD Shunt Resistors

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